Evaluating dam safety in Brazil: a comparative analysis of international classification systems

Abstract

Dams provide essential services to society, but the consequences for downstream communities and the environment can be devastating when safety measures fail. This investigation examines Brazil’s dam safety policies, focusing on classification systems and emergency preparedness. Data from 2022 reveals serious shortcomings: over 14,000 dams are unclassified by Risk Category (RC), and more than half lack a Potential Hazard Associated (PHA) rating. Of the 1,235 dams classified as high risk, only 106 have an Emergency Action Plan (EAP). The study compares Brazil’s system with international frameworks from institutions such as ICOLD, FEMA, USACE, and countries including Portugal, Spain, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Argentina, and Canada. While Brazil’s approach aligns with global standards, critical improvements are needed. The study proposes practical adjustments to enhance hazard classification and emergency planning. Future research could explore these proposals through case studies to better guide policy and protect lives.