The colors and techniques of 17th century Portuguese azulejos: a multi-analytical study

Abstract

Azulejos (ceramic glazed tiles) are the most important form of classical decorative art in Portugal. They have been decorating interior and exterior walls of public and private buildings such as churches, palaces, and even gardens for over 400 years. In the 17th century, Portuguese azulejo manufacture was already well established and widespread. The tiles were produced by the majolica technique and had a relatively rich palette which included blue, green, yellow, orange and a set of tones ranging from purple to dark brown. This study bears on the composition of the pigments and azulejo glaze and is a first step towards the knowledge of the 17th century Portuguese azulejo manufacturing technology. Hopefully, a broader study will help establishing both geographical provenance and chronology, offering valuable information to art conservators and art historians alike.